For solving such tasks good fits concept of channels - pipes that connect different thread. Standard C++ doesn't contain built-in channels but there are enough implementations in libraries. 

I personally use [Cool](https://github.com/verri/cool), alternatives could be found in Github under [channel topic](https://github.com/topics/channels?l=c%2B%2B).

Algorithm of your game is really easy - first player sending number through one channel to second player. If he/she/it guessed answer will be 0, otherwise answer will contain number from second player. Repeat procedure until someone won. 
Second player make the same actions but receive number first. 

Complete code:

```
# include <iostream>
# include <thread>
# include <random>
# include <algorithm>
# include <iterator>
# include <mutex>
# include <chrono>

# include <cool/channel.hpp>

std::mutex mutex;

void player1(int id, int number, cool::ichannel<int> in, cool::ochannel<int> out)
{
    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

    std::random_device rd;
    std::shuffle(v.begin(), v.end(), rd);

    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
        std::cout << "First player has number = " << number << "\nGuesses";
        std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
        std::cout << '\n';
    }

    int answer = -1;

    for(const int n : v)
    {
        out << n;
        
        in >> answer;

        if( !answer )
        {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
            std::cout << "First won\n";
            return;
        }

        if(answer == number)
        {
            out << 0;
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
            std::cout << "First loose\n";
            return;
        }
    }
}

void player2(int id, int number, cool::ochannel<int> out, cool::ichannel<int> in)
{
    
    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};

    std::random_device rd;
    std::mt19937 g(rd());

    std::shuffle(v.begin(), v.end(), g);

    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
        std::cout << "Second player has number = " << number << "\nGuesses";
        std::copy(v.begin(), v.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
        std::cout << "\n";
    }

    int answer = -1;

    for(const int n : v)
    {
        in >> answer;

        if( !answer )
        {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
            std::cout << "Second won\n";
            return;
        }

        if(answer == number)
        {
            out << 0;
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mutex);
            std::cout << "Second loose\n";
            return;
        }
       
        out << n;
    }
}

int main()
{
    std::uniform_int_distribution<> dis(1, 10);
    std::mt19937 g(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());

    auto ch1 = cool::channel<int>(1u);//send data from p1 to p2
    auto ch2 = cool::channel<int>(1u);//send data from p2 to p1

    auto thr1 = std::thread(player1, 0, dis(g), ch1, ch2);
    auto thr2 = std::thread(player2, 1, dis(g), ch1, ch2);

    thr1.join();
    thr2.join();
}
```